|
The Fair Housing Act is a federal act in the United States intended to protect the buyer or renter of a dwelling from seller or landlord discrimination. Its primary prohibition makes it unlawful to refuse to sell, rent to, or negotiate with any person because of that person's inclusion in a protected class.〔(Definition of ''Fair Housing Act of 1968'' ), Legal Dictionary at TheFreeDictionary.com, Farlex Company. Accessed 15 January 2011.〕 The goal is a unitary housing market in which a person's background (as opposed to financial resources) does not arbitrarily restrict access. Calls for open housing were issued early in the twentieth century, but it was not until after World War II that concerted efforts to achieve it were undertaken. The legislation was the culmination of a civil rights campaign against housing discrimination in the United States and was approved, at the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson, only one week after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and codified at (42 U.S.C. 3601-3619 ), with penalties for violation at (42 U.S.C. 3631 ). It is enforced by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. ==Summary== The ''Fair Housing Act'' (Title VIII of the ''Civil Rights Act of 1968'') introduced meaningful federal enforcement mechanisms. It outlawed: * Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. * Discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin in the terms, conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a dwelling. *Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference of discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin. *Coercing, threatening, intimidating, or interfering with a person's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of fair housing rights. When the ''Fair Housing Act'' was first enacted, it prohibited discrimination only on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. In 1988, disability and familial status (the presence or anticipated presence of children under 18 in a household) were added (further codified in the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990).〔 In certain circumstances, the law allows limited exceptions for discrimination based on sex, religion, or familial status.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Fair Housing is Everyone's Right! )〕 The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is the federal executive department with the statutory authority to administer and enforce the ''Fair Housing Act''. The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development has delegated fair housing enforcement and compliance activities to HUD's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO) and HUD's Office of General Counsel. FHEO is one of the United States' largest federal civil rights agencies. It has a staff of more than 600 people located in 54 offices around the United States. As of June 2014, the head of FHEO is Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Gustavo Velasquez, whose appointment was confirmed on June 19, 2014.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/113th-congress/1349 )〕 Individuals who believe they have experienced housing discrimination can file a complaint with FHEO at no charge. FHEO funds and has working agreements with many state and local governmental agencies where "substantially equivalent" fair housing laws are in place. Under these agreements, FHEO refers complaints to the state or locality where the alleged incident occurred, and those agencies investigate and process the case instead of FHEO. This is known as FHEO's Fair Housing Assistance Program (or "FHAP"). There is also a network of private, non-profit fair housing advocacy organizations throughout the country. Some are funded by FHEO's Fair Housing Initiatives Program (or "FHIP"), and some operate with private donations or grants from other sources. Victims of housing discrimination need not go through HUD or any other governmental agency to pursue their rights, however. The ''Fair Housing Act'' confers jurisdiction to hear cases on federal district courts. The United States Department of Justice also has jurisdiction to file cases on behalf of the United States where there is a pattern and practice of discrimination or where HUD has found discrimination in a case and either party elects to go to federal court instead of continuing in the HUD administrative process. The ''Fair Housing Act'' applies to landlords renting or leasing space in their primary residence only if the residence contains living quarters occupied or intended to be occupied by three or more other families living independently of each other, such as an owner-occupied rooming house. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fair Housing Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|